ABSTRACT: Several methods have been described to shorten orthodontic treatments, but the main disadvantage is their invasiveness. Animal studies have shown that piezopuncture can accelerate the rate of tooth movement without causing collateral damage. Objective: To evaluate the clinical outcome, in terms of safety and efficacy, of a flapless piezopuncture on maxillary canine distalization. Methods: A split-mouth randomized clinical trial was carried out on five patients. Piezopuncture was performed on a random side of the maxillary arch to assess the rate of canine movement on the stimulated side, compared to the non-stimulated control side after 15 (T1), 30 (T2), and 60 (T3) days. Also, immediate side effects and changes in buccal bone thickness after one year were assessed. Results: Distalization on the intervention versus control side at T1 was 1.24±0.21mm versus 0.64±0.33mm (p=0.005); at T2 it was 2.00±0.28mm versus 1.36±0.49mm (p=0.046); and at T3 it was 4.28±0.66mm versus 3.65±0.88mm (p=0.102). No adverse effects related to the surgical procedure were observed or reported by patients. The thickness of the buccal bone plate showed no significant changes. Conclusions: Flapless piezopuncture accelerates the rate of tooth movement in orthodontic patients over the first 15 days and its effect declines over the next 45 days.

Resumen: ¿Cómo abordar la experiencia de habitar con foco en la percepción de los habitantes? ¿Qué aporta la integración de dimensiones cuantitativas y cualitativas que sitúan al habitante en el centro de la investigación? Son las preguntas que busca responder el siguiente artículo, cuyo objetivo es indagar acerca de la calidad de vida relacionando variables cualitativas y cuantitativas de la experiencia de habitar en la manzana más densa y la primera consolidada por el proceso de renovación urbana en la ciudad de Santiago de Chile. El estudio comenzó en una primera etapa con un análisis (objetivo) de condiciones de confort tales como: iluminación y asoleamiento, acústica, calidad y equipamiento de espacios comunes, volumetría y configuración del espacio público, etc. En una segunda etapa se aplicaron 500 encuestas sobre calidad de vida a sus habitantes, para, en una tercera fase (subjetiva), seleccionar a 10 propietarios residentes por más de cinco años, que fueron entrevistados explorando los posibles aportes de la metodología fenomenológica, utilizada principalmente en neurociencias, para profundizar en las percepciones del habitar y comprender algunos de los resultados de las encuestas. La combinación de métodos permitió un análisis múltiple para aproximarnos a la experiencia de habitar en pequeños departamentos en el área central de la ciudad. Se evidenció discordancia entre los resultados de las encuestas y las entrevistas, siendo las segundas un gran aporte para explicar las primeras. Los hallazgos del estudio, como la valoración positiva del barrio y aceptable de la vivienda, un fuerte aislamiento social y la idealización de la vivienda anterior contribuyen también a visibilizar cómo se construye la noción (subjetiva) del bienestar, así como también entrega una perspectiva metodológica que favorece la aproximación al habitante en el contexto de los estudios urbanos.

Abstract: How can we approach living experiences focusing on the perception of the inhabitants? What does the integration of quantitative and qualitative perspectives placing the inhabitant at the center of research contribute? These are the questions that the article seeks to answer to investigate the quality of life by relating qualitative and quantitative variables of the experience of living in the densest block and the first one consolidated by the urban renewal process in the city of Santiago de Chile. The study began in the first stage with an (objective) analysis of comfort conditions such as lighting and sunlight, acoustics, quality and equipment of shared spaces, volumetry, and configuration of public spaces, etc. In the second stage, we conducted 500 surveys about inhabitants' quality of life. In the third (subjective) phase, we selected and interviewed ten owners who had been residents for more than five years, exploring the possible contributions of the phenomenological methodology, mainly used in neurosciences, to deepen their perceptions of living and to understand some of the results of the survey. The combination of methods allowed a multiple analysis to approach the experience of living in small apartments in the city's central area. The study's findings, such as the positive evaluation of the neighborhood, acceptable evaluation of housing, high social isolation, and the idealization of the previous housing, also illuminate how the (subjective) notion of well-being is constructed, providing a methodological perspective that favors the approach to the inhabitant’s experience in urban studies.

ABSTRACT Introduction: chronic stress affects the immune balance by altering the serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and gamma interferon (INF-γ), this alteration affects the nervous system and human behavior. Appropriate chewing would lessen these effects. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of chewing and chronic stress over serum levels of IL-6 and INF-γ. Methods: experiment in which 64 Balb/C mice of 8 weeks of age were used, they were divided into 4 treatments: Group NE: Normal chewing + stress, Group N: normal chewing without stress, Group DE: Chewing poor + stress, Group D: poor chewing without stress. IL-6 and IFN-γ were measured by ELISA after 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. Results: both IL-6 and IFN-γ were higher in the DE group (p < 0,05) at the end of fourth week of treatment. When evaluating the animals at the end of the eighth week of treatment, it was observed that in the NE group, the IL-6 was increased with respect to the rest (p < 0,0001) and the DE group showed more IFN-γ (p < 0,0001). Conclusion: stress and poor chewing increase serum IL-6 and IFN-γ. In contrast, appropriate chewing decreases the effects of stress on the increase of such cytokines at the end of the fourth week of treatment in animals.

RESUMEN: Introducción: el estrés crónico afecta el equilibrio inmunológico alterando los niveles séricos de interleuquina-6 (IL-6) e interferón gama (INF-γ), dicha alteración afecta al sistema nervioso y al comportamiento humano. La masticación adecuada disminuiría dichos efectos. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar el efecto del estrés crónico y de la masticación sobre los niveles séricos de IL-6 e INF-γ. Métodos: experimento donde se emplearon 64 ratones Balb/c de 8 semanas de edad. Se dividieron en 4 tratamientos: Grupo NE: Masticación normal + estrés, Grupo N: masticación normal sin estrés, Grupo DE: Masticación deficiente + estrés, Grupo D: masticación deficiente sin estrés. Mediante test de ELISA se midió IL-6 e IFN-γ alfinal de la 4ta y de la 8va semana de tratamiento. Resultados: tanto la IL-6 como el IFN-γ fueron mayores en el grupo DE (p<0,05) al final de la 4ta semana. Al evaluarlos al término de la 8va semana se observó que en el grupo NE se incrementó la IL-6 respecto al resto de grupos (p<0,0001), y en el grupo DE fue donde se encontró mayor cantidad de IFN-γ (p<0,0001). Conclusión: el estrés crónico y la masticación deficiente incrementan los niveles séricos de IL-6 e IFN-γ. En cambio, la adecuada masticación disminuye el nivel de tales citoquinas al final de la cuarta semana de tratamiento.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of corn crop residues as mulch and its impact on soil moisture content and the establishment, development and productivity of buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris L). A randomized block design with three replications was used. The treatments were: sowing of 10 kg ha-1 of buffel grass seed (Bs); vegetation cover on soil with 10 t ha-1 of corn crop residues (Vc); Bs + Vc combination; and control (no grass sowing and no vegetation cover). The Bs + Vc treatment maintained a higher soil moisture content (P≤0.05), with 13.8 % vs 10.6 % of the control. Consequently, the number of grass plants m-2, buffel grass cover, plant height, chlorophyll index and dry biomass production had a tendency to respond better, with values of 518.5 plants m-2, 51.23 %, 31.8 cm, 162 and 167.8 g m-2, respectively, and they exhibited a tendency toward a statistically similar response as to this treatment when applied separately (Vc and Bs). Photosynthesis (µmol s-2s-1), stomatal conductance, transpiration (mmol H2O m-2 s-1), and water use efficiency were not affected by any of the treatments in this study, their response being equivalent to that of the control.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el uso de residuos de cosecha de maíz como cobertura vegetal y su impacto en el contenido de humedad del suelo y el establecimiento, desarrollo y productividad del pasto buffel (Cenchrus ciliaris L). Se usó un diseño de bloques al azar con tres repeticiones. Los tratamientos fueron: siembra de 10 kg ha-1 de semilla de pasto buffel (Sp); cobertura vegetal en suelo con 10 t ha-1 de residuos de cosecha de maíz (Cv); combinación Sp + Cv; y testigo (sin siembra de pasto y sin cobertura vegetal). El tratamiento Sp + Cv mantuvo un mayor contenido de humedad en el suelo (P≤0.05), con 13.8 % contra 10.6 % del testigo. En consecuencia, el número de plantas de pasto m-2, cobertura de pasto buffel, altura de la planta, índice de clorofila y producción de biomasa seca, tuvieron una tendencia de mejor respuesta, con valores de 518.5 plantas m-2, 51.23 %, 31.8 cm, 162 y 167.8 g m-2, respectivamente, con una tendencia de respuesta estadísticamente similar este tratamiento al aplicarse de manera separada (Cv y Sp). La fotosíntesis (µmol s-2s-1), conductancia estomática, transpiración (mmol H2O m-2 s-1) y uso eficiente del agua, no fueron afectadas por ninguno de los tratamientos de este estudio, con respuesta equivalente a la del testigo.

Background: People with Sensory Disabilities (PcDS) face barriers for equal access to health care. Thus, health centers require adjustments to comply with equal access that allows an universal coverage of care. Aim: To characterize the adjustments for the care of PcDS in primary health centers in Concepción, Chile. Material and Methods: Cross-sectional study using data obtained through a questionnaire to key informants or via Transparency Law, and direct observation. The variables were subdivided into four categories, namely infrastructure, communication, skills, and environment. Results: The analyzed health centers have a high proportion of general adjustments of their physical settings. However, there is a lack of specific adjustments for deaf and blind people, especially communicational ones. Conclusions: There is a paucity of adjustments for the health care of PcDS in the analyzed health centers. This deficiency underscores the barriers faced by PcDS for receiving care in the Chilean public health system.

Resumen: Los recursos energéticos distribuidos DERs (del inglés Distributed Energy Resources) pueden jugar un rol clave para la descarbonización de la matriz energética y su transición hacia la carbono neutralidad. Además, los DERs pueden hacer que la red sea menos vulnerable a eventos extremos y que la respuesta a una emergencia sea mucho más rápida y eficiente, logrando de esta forma mejorar la resiliencia de las redes de distribución. Por lo tanto, el presente trabajo propone un marco metodológico para determinar la ubicación y dimensionamiento óptimo de DERs para mejorar la resiliencia de los sistemas de distribución de energía eléctrica frente al impacto de desastres naturales, en este caso particular ante lahares que se forman después de la ocurrencia de una erupción volcánica. Además, para una restauración eficiente del sistema se consideran los recursos existentes en los planes de contingencia de las empresas de distribución. La metodología propuesta se evalúa sobre un sistema de distribución radial en la ciudad de Sangolquí, Ecuador, considerando los lahares que se podrían formar en el flanco norte del volcán Cotopaxi. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que nuestra propuesta puede ser utilizada para mejorar la resiliencia de las redes de distribución frente a eventos extremos, a través de la inversión en sistemas fotovoltaicos y sistemas de almacenamiento en base a baterías, con el objetivo de mantener el suministro de cargas a críticas tales como albergues, hospitales, entre otros.

Abstract: Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) can play a key role in decarbonization of the energy matrix and the transition towards to carbon neutrality. Futhermore, DERs can make the network less vulnerable to disasters and the response to an emergency much faster and more efficient, thus improving the resilience of distribution networks. Consequently, the present work proposes a methodological framework to determine the optimal location and sizing of DERs for resilience enhancement of power distribution systems against the impact of natural hazards, in this particular case, against lahars that form after the occurrence of a volcanic eruption. Moreover, existing emergency resources on the contingency plans of the electrical utilities are considered for the effective restoration of the distribution system. The proposed methodology is evaluated on a radial distribution system in Sangolquí, Ecuador, considering the lahars that could form on the Cotopaxi volcano north slope. The results obtained show that our proposal can enhance the resilience of distribution networks against natural hazards through investment in photovoltaic systems and battery energy storage systems to the energy supply of critical loads such as shelters, hospitals, among others.

ABSTRACT Background: There is little information on inflammatory myopathies in Colombia. The objective was to identify the demographic and clinical characteristics of these patients in two tertiary care hospitals between 2010 and 2015. Materials and methods: A descriptive, retrospective survey was carried out, by reviewing medical records and obtaining information on demographic and clinical variables. The qualitative variables were expressed using absolute and relative frequencies, and the quantitative with mean and standard deviation (SD), or median with interquartile ranges (IQR), depending on data distribution. The IBM SPSS 22 statistical package was used. Results: A total of 105 patients with a mean age of 50.4 years (SD: 15.1) were included, with 76 (72.4%) women. In total, 50 subjects (48.5%) had a definitive diagnosis. The most common inflammatory myopathy was dermatomyositis (n = 66; 62.9%). The skin was the most commonly affected organ (n=66; 62.9%). Muscle weakness was present in 60 individuals (57.1%). The most frequent alarm sign was swallowing disorder (n = 28; 26.7%). Creatine phosphokinase was higher in polymyositis, with a median of 1800IU/L (IQR: 365-6157). The most widely used drugs were glucocorticoids (n = 83; 79%). Some patients were refractory to immunosuppressive treatment, mainly in antisynthetase syndrome (n = 5; 35.7%). Five patients (4.8%) died of infections (pneumonia and bacteraemia). Conclusions: In this cohort, the most common entity was dermatomyositis, and the most affected organ was the skin. There was a significant presentation of warning signs, refractoriness to immunosuppressive treatment, and lower muscle enzyme values compared to other cohorts. Mortality was mainly due to infectious complications.

RESUMEN Introducción: Existe poca información sobre las miopatías inflamatorias en Colombia. El obje tivo fue identificar las características demográficas y clínicas de estos pacientes en dos instituciones de alta complejidad entre los arios 2010 y 2015. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo. Mediante revisión de registros médicos, se obtuvo información sobre variables demográficas y clínicas. Las variables cualitativas se expresaron mediante frecuencias absolutas y relativas, y las cuantitativas con media y desviación estándar (DE) o mediana con rangos intercuartílicos (RIQ), dependiendo de la distribución de los datos. Se utilizó el paquete estadístico IBM SPSS® v.22. Resultados: Se incluyeron 105 pacientes con edad promedio de 50,4 años (DE: 15,1); 76 mujeres (72,4%). En total, 50 sujetos (48,5%) tuvieron diagnóstico definitivo. La miopa tía inflamatoria más común fue dermatomiositis (n = 66; 62,9%). La piel fue el órgano más comúnmente afectado (n = 66; 62,9%). La debilidad muscular estuvo presente en 60 individuos (57,1%). El signo de alarma más frecuente fue el trastorno de la deglución (n = 28; 26,7%). La creatinfosfoquinasa tuvo mayor elevación en polimiositis con una mediana de 1.800 Ul/l (RIQ: 365-6.157). Los medicamentos más utilizados fueron los glucocorticoides (n = 83; 79%). Hubo refractariedad al tratamiento inmunosupresor, principalmente en síndrome antisintetasa (n = 5; 35,7%). Cinco pacientes (4,8%) murieron por infecciones (neumonía y bacteriemia). Conclusiones: En esta cohorte, la entidad más común fue la dermatomiositis y el órgano más afectado fue la piel. Hubo presentación relevante de signos de alarma, refractariedad al tratamiento inmunosupresor y valores de enzimas musculares menores comparados con otras cohortes. La mortalidad fue principalmente por complicaciones infecciosas.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Determine and measure the association of social factors and health conditions with worse capacity and performance levels. METHODS Dependent variables consisted of performance and capacity; independent variables comprised age, gender, level of education, personal income, and health conditions. Means (95%CI) of performance and capacity were presented according to the independent variables. Generalized linear models, using a mutual adjustment for all variables considered statistically significant (p < 0.05), measured the associations between each exposure and outcomes. Study population included 12,265 individuals. RESULTS Older women with lower education and income levels and with some health condition showed the worst performance and capacity. CONCLUSION Results showed that the capacity and performance levels of the Chilean population changed according to social demographic characteristics and health conditions.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Determine and measure the association of social factors and health conditions with worse capacity and performance levels. METHODS Dependent variables consisted of performance and capacity; independent variables comprised age, gender, level of education, personal income, and health conditions. Means (95%CI) of performance and capacity were presented according to the independent variables. Generalized linear models, using a mutual adjustment for all variables considered statistically significant (p < 0.05), measured the associations between each exposure and outcomes. Study population included 12,265 individuals. RESULTS Older women with lower education and income levels and with some health condition showed the worst performance and capacity. CONCLUSION Results showed that the capacity and performance levels of the Chilean population changed according to social demographic characteristics and health conditions.

Abstract Objective: To identify the factors associated with Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) in preschool children of Concepción, Chile. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a sample of enrolled preschoolers who attend public schools in Concepción, Chile. To measure OHRQoL, the chilean version of the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) was used; sociodemographic variables of the children and their parents were also recorded, as well as variables regarding the last visit to the dentist. To determine differences in the ECOHIS score for categorical variables, ANOVA and t-test were used, while Pearson's r was used to correlate ECOHIS with quantitative variables (p<0.05). Results: A total of 175 children were surveyed, with a distribution of 89 boys and 86 girls aged 56-to-79 months. The total score of the ECOHIS had a mean of 4.48 ±5.96, with a score between 0-38. Statistically significant associations were with parent's educational attainment (r=−0.159), dmft (r=0.380), OHI-S debris (r=0.174) and reason for the last visit to the dentist, the highest average in the ECOHIS scores was registered in the urgency reason. Conclusion: Oral health status, dental service utilization and educational level are associated with the OHRQoL of preschoolers of Concepción.

ABSTRACT Introduction: in recent years an increase has been reported in the prevalence of childhood obesity, which is a risk factor for chronic degenerative diseases such as Chronic Kidney Disease; therefore, endogenous biomarkers are needed to detect alterations in glomerular filtration, Cystatin C being one of them. Objective: To identify the frequency of elevated Cystatin C in overweight and obese patients in northwestern Mexico. Materials and Methods: a group of infants aged 6 to 12 years was studied, who according to anthropometry were classified as normal weight, overweight or obesity. Somatometry and Cystatin C levels were obtained from each of them to calculate glomerular filtration rate and classify renal function, and an association between these two conditions was sought using the chi-square test. Results: of a group of 80 patients, 51.3% were overweight / obese; Of these, 46.3% had high levels of Cystatin C, according to the reference range proposed by Filler 2003. The mean Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) in the overweight / obese group was 103.1 ml / min / 1.73 m2, compared to the normal weight group of 121.2 ml / min / 1.73 m2. The frequency of high levels of Cystatin C in the overweight / obese population was 62.9% compared to 26.6% in normal weight. Conclusions: Children from 6 to 12 years of age with excess weight have a higher frequency of high levels of Cystatin C.

RESUMEN Introducción: en los últimos años se ha reportado un incremento en la prevalencia de obesidad infantil, siendo este un factor de riesgo para enfermedades crónico-degenerativas como la Enfermedad Renal Crónica; por ende, se requieren de biomarcadores endógenos para detectar las alteraciones en el filtrado glomerular, siendo la Cistatina C uno de ellos. Objetivo: Identificar la frecuencia de Cistatina C elevada en pacientes con sobrepeso y Obesidad del noroeste de México. Material y Métodos: se estudió un grupo de infantes de 6 a 12 años, a los cuales según antropometría se clasificó en normopeso, sobrepeso u obesidad. Se obtuvo la somatometria y los niveles de Cistatina C de cada uno de ellos para el cálculo del filtrado glomerular y clasificar la función renal y se buscó asociación entre estas dos condiciones mediante prueba de chi cuadrado. Resultados: de un grupo de 80 pacientes el 51.3% presentó sobrepeso/obesidad; de estos en el 46.3% se reportaron niveles altos de Cistatina C, de acuerdo con el rango de referencia propuesto por Filler 2003. La media para Tasa de Filtración Glomerular (TFG) en el grupo con sobrepeso/obesidad fue de 103.1 ml/min/1.73 m2, comparada con el grupo normopeso de 121.2 ml/min/1.73 m2. La frecuencia de niveles altos de Cistatina C en población con sobrepeso/obesidad fue de 62.9% comparado con un 26.6% en normopeso. Conclusiones: Los Niños de 6 a 12 años con exceso de peso presentan mayor frecuencia de nivel elevado de Cistatina C.

Resumen El Chocó-Darién es una importante área biogeográfica, pues es un hotspot de biodiversidad terrestre y el límite sur de los arrecifes del Caribe. Sin embargo, hasta la fecha no existen datos compilados actualizados sobre las especies de peces de arrecife de esta región. En este trabajo proporcionamos una lista actualizada de peces marinos del sistema arrecifal del Chocó-Darién (Colombia), con comentarios sobre su distribución geográfica y estado de conservación. Para la elaboración de esta lista se consultaron publicaciones, datos no publicados y censos visuales in situ. Se recopilaron 212 especies de peces de arrecife de 57 familias. Ocho de estas especies no tenían registros previos publicados, y una de ellas es registrada por primera vez (Trachinotus falcatus). Las familias con mayor número de especies fueron Labridae (n = 21), Gobiidae (n = 18) y Serranidae (n = 17). Se registraron 14 especies amenazadas, entre ellas una en peligro crítico (Epinephelus striatus) y dos en peligro (Balistes vetula y Scarus coelestinus). Este estudio contribuye a complementar las lagunas de conocimiento sobre la diversidad de los peces de arrecife del límite sur del Caribe y plantea la preocupación de la invasión del pez león en el sistema arrecifal del Chocó-Darién.

Abstract Chocó-Darien is an important biogeographic realm, as it is a terrestrial biodiversity hotspot and the southern limit of the Caribbean reefs. However, to date there are no compiled data on the reef fish assemblage of this region. We provide an updated checklist of marine fishes from the Chocó-Darien reef system (Colombia), with comments on their geographic distribution and conservation status. Peer-reviewed studies, unpublished data and in situ visual censuses were surveyed to compose this checklist. A total of 212 reef fish species across 57 families were compiled, eight of which had no previously published records, one of which (Trachinotus falcatus) is recorded for the first time. The most speciose families were Labridae (n = 21), Gobiidae (n = 18) and Serranidae (n = 17). Fourteen threatened species were recorded, including one critically endangered (Epinephelus striatus) and two endangered (Balistes vetula and Scarus coelestinus). This study contributes to fill the knowledge gaps on the reef fish diversity of the Caribbean southern limit and raises concern on the spread of the lionfish invasion into the Chocó-Darién reef system.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: A telemedicine program in oral pathology (TOP) and a preventive oral examination (POE) to identify oral lesions was implemented in Hualqui, Chile. The objective of this study is to describe the results of the TOP plus POE strategy at CESFAM Hualqui, Chile, during the period of 2016 to 2019. Materials and methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted with 152 Hualqui patients between 2016 and 2019. The following variables were recorded: diagnosis; injury diagnosis dates; date of teleconsultation; date and response of the specialist and subsequent control; waiting time for response (WTR) and waiting time for attention (WTA). Results: The WTR was 19.7 ± 12.8 days and WTA presented a median of 20 days (1−125) days. A total of 45 different oral pathologies were identified, the most frequent being stomatitis 8.6% (13), fibroma 8.6% (13) and mucocele 7.9% (12), and among the least frequent highlights three cases of oral cancer. Conclusions: The waiting periods until a response from the specialist and then until the face-to-face control were around 3 weeks each, most of the cases were identified through POE and correspond mostly to benign pathologies.